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Enzymes are very efficient biocatalysts, which have the ability to specifically recognize their substrates and to catalyze their transformation. These unique properties make the enzymes powerful tools to develop analytical devices. Enzyme-based biosensors associate intimately a biocatalyst-containing sensing layer with a transducer. The transformations catalyzed by an enzyme come with the variations...
Biosensing, the detection of biological phenomena with accuracy and precision, is a rapidly growing and increasingly divergent field. The requirement for a stable, adaptable, and highly specific recognition receptor is of paramount importance to the design of a good biosensing assay. Among the receptors currently used in these applications, the antibody is perhaps the only one designed by evolution...
The use of specific and sensitive sensing layers for molecular diagnosis and biosensor developments is crucial for producing a successful device. The sensing layers are required to be stable and robust for sample analysis (serum, urine, water, soil extracts and foods), storage and application in field conditions. Therefore, the technology is advancing to replace nature molecules with synthetic materials...
Carbohydrates are involved in crucial physiological and pathological events. One can take advantage of carbohydrate-based interaction for drug discovery, diagnosis, antibiotics, vaccine, etc. This chapter deals with biosensors and microarrays that take advantage of carbohydrates-based interactions with a special interest in devices that are designed for medical applications. A large overview of glycochemistry,...
On the basis of the numbers of scientific articles published using different approaches, use of biosensors is the fastest growing technology for pathogen detection. Biosensor use still lags behind the established technologies such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and conventional microbiology but has already surpassed the techniques including gel electrophoresis and ELISA based immunoassays. This...
Biosensors based on tissue structures in living animals can be used to detect and measure hormones, drugs, and toxins. The potential use of tissue-based biosensors extends to such diverse fields of biomedical science as physiology, pharmacology, and biodefense. In general, tissue-based biosensors can be formed from genetically modified cells or by direct genetic modification in order to introduce...
Chemical pollution, associated with anthropogenic activities, is one of the worst forms of environmental pollution impacting unique global ecosystems and changing the fragile and vulnerable environment all over the planet. It is essential and important to monitor and detect harmful and toxic pollutants in our natural environment. Plants provide us with an unique opportunity to biologically monitor...
Bacteriophages, or phages for short, are viruses that infect bacteria and are considered the main regulators of microbial balance on Earth. These viruses are extremely specific, and their long-term survivability and ability to reproduce quickly in suitable hosts play a major role in the preservation of a dynamic equilibrium amid the diverse variety of bacterial species in the Earth’s ecosystem. ...
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